Artificial intelligence – ETO Research Almanac

Between 2016 and 2021, researchers published roughly

1,520,000

English-language articles on artificial intelligence

The global artificial intelligence literature grew

79%

between 2016 and 2021

Articles on artificial intelligence made up

of articles across all fields

Authors from private companies contributed to

of artificial intelligence articles

Data last updated May 17, 2023

Vital signs

1,519,429

artificial intelligence articles were released between 2016 and 2021 (estd.)

79%

growth in research between 2016 and 2021

of all articles focused on artificial intelligence

citations for the average artificial intelligence article

citations for the average article

19%

of artificial intelligence articles have American authors

28%

have Chinese authors

19%

have European authors

Country	Articles (2016-2021)	Growth (2016-2021)	Global share	Citations per article
China	431,207	120%	28%	15.7
United States	290,045	85%	19%	26.2
India	110,367	127%	7%	9.9

ImageNet classification with deep convolutional neural networks
2017: Communications of The ACM. 56213 citations
Attention is All you Need
2017: arXiv: Computation and Language. 34275 citations
Densely Connected Convolutional Networks
2016: arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 29575 citations
You Only Look Once: Unified, Real-Time Object Detection
2016: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 27951 citations
BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding
2018: arXiv: Computation and Language. 26397 citations
Deep Learning
2016: arXiv: Machine Learning. 26111 citations
Rethinking the Inception Architecture for Computer Vision
2016: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 21351 citations
XGBoost: A Scalable Tree Boosting System
2016: knowledge discovery and data mining. 20202 citations
Squeeze-and-Excitation Networks
2017: arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 20154 citations
Focal Loss for Dense Object Detection
2017: arXiv: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 17820 citations

Top producers of artificial intelligence research (by article count)

Organization	Articles (2016-2021)	Citations per article	Country
Chinese Academy of Sciences	19,333	32.9	China
Tsinghua University	12,373	36.6	China
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences	10,019	28.6	China

of artificial intelligence articles are cited in patents

of articles are cited in patents

of artificial intelligence articles had authors from private companies (vs 2% of articles in general)

Company	Articles (2016-2021)	Citations per article	Country
Google	6,332	130.1	United States
Microsoft	6,050	76.4	United States
Facebook	2,464	153.9	United States